Table 1 Examples of the effect of time drift on time-annotated data on bio-loggers. (*) the actual drift can be significantly higher when considering ambient temperature ranges, age of the unit, manufacturing tolerances and applied voltages. (**) due to the module size and power consumption, integration into bio-logging devices is not realistic
From: Time synchronisation for millisecond-precision on bio-loggers
Example component | Rated maximum drift (ppm) (*) | Maximum Tdrift per day (s) | Maximum Tdrift per week (s) | Maximum Tdrift per month (s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Drift of an oven-controlled oscillator (OCXO) module between 0 and 50 °C (Abracon AOCJY, 25.4 × 22.1 × 12.7 mm) (**) | ± 0.005 | ± 0.0004 | ± 0.0030 | ± 0.0134 |
Drift of the currently best temperature-compensated oscillator (TCXO) module between 0 and 50 °C (Micro Crystal RV-8803-C7, 3.2 × 1.5 × 0.8 mm) | ± 1.5 | ± 0.13 | ± 0.9 | ± 4.0 |
Drift of the currently best temperature-compensated oscillator (TCXO) module between − 40 and 85 °C (Micro Crystal RV-8803-C7, 3.2 × 1.5 × 0.8 mm) | ± 3 | ± 0.26 | ± 1.8 | ± 8.0 |
Drift of a high-precision 80 MHz oscillator of a common microcontroller at 25 °C (Espressif ESP32) | ± 10 | ± 0.86 | ± 6.0 | ± 26.8 |
Drift of a non-temperature-compensated oscillator (XO) module between 0 and 50 °C (Micro Crystal RV-3028-C7, 3.2 × 1.5 × 0.8 mm) | ± 20 | ± 1.73 | ± 12.1 | ± 53.6 |
Drift of the internal oscillator of a common microcontroller at 25 °C (Microchip ATmega328P) | ± 20,000 | ± 1,728 | ± 12,069 | ± 53,568 |
Drift of the internal oscillator of a common microcontroller between − 40 and 125 °C (Microchip ATmega328P) | ± 140,000 | ± 12,096 | ± 84,672 | ± 374,976 |